especially RWPPs are more likely to resort to outgroup derogation compared to non-populist parties. Second regarding respective ideology namely socialism on one side and nativism on the other. To this end the article analyzes increasing polarization this study proposes to clarify the way populist parties cultivate vertical people their online communication. Relying on Social Identity Theory SIT and on the concept of claim of representation representation this article investigates to what extent left-wing LWPP and right-wing RWPP populist parties By Lucas Kins, Laura Jacobs and Caroline Close outgroups: how populist parties in Belgium polarize on social media

level compared with the European but not the national level pointing to women s lower levels of ambition investigate whether these gender differences occur to the same extent across local national and European By Audrey Vandeleene in collaboration with Robin Devroe, Hilde Coffé and Bram Wauters Gender Gaps in Political Ambition on Different Levels of Policy-Making

more complex story. No leader attracts all voters support and other candidates manage to stand out despite candidates stand out among candidates by attracting support from voters who do not support the mere leader of the Party Politics LIEN Sage Journals Abstract Research on the electoral personalization of politics has stressed preference voting behaviour. While these factors lead to unmistakable forms of de- centralized personalized By Jessy Bailly It’s not only about the leader. Oligarchized personalization and preference voting in Belgium

overestimate the conservativeness of their constituents on a host of issues. Whether this conservative bias document a strong and persistent conservative bias held by a majority of the 866 representatives interviewed point toward a pressing need for further research on its sources and impacts. By Jean-Benoit Pilet in collaboration with Lior Sheffer, Luzia Helfer, Frédéric Varone, Rens Vliegenthart Do Politicians Outside the United States Also Think Voters Are More Conservative than They Really Are

policies. This study aims to make a significant contribution to the existing literature by investigating the in their access to and experience of representation. While ample research has focused on the issue of has been given to the implications of descriptive and substantive under-representation on the perception decades a growing body of scholarship has shed light on the persistent inequalities in political representation By David Talukder sensitivity in substantive representation and its effects on policy satisfaction

Abstract Local opposition forces often win local elections in key cities in autocratising countries. However interviews with local experts activists and politicians to examine how city-based oppositions can resist autocratisation rhetoric. We also examine the incumbent s response to such local democratic resistance. Our findings illustrate By Guido Panzano, Simone Benazzo & Venelin Bochev Local democratic resistance to autocratisation: evidence from Budapest, Banja Luka, and Zagreb

deployments as having a negative effect on vertical career mobility. Nor do lower ranked personnel see any marked importance of peace operations to the individual soldier s career development has so far been relatively absent academic writing. This article attempts to fill this gap by examining how soldiers perceive the effects mixed responses in terms of the effect of deployments on career development. In general senior staff value enhanced status especially where this is related to operational success. The article argues that peacekeeping effect on career advancement, status and reintegration. International Peacekeeping, 2017, vol. 24, no 2, deployment abroad and the self-perceptions of the effect on career advancement, status and reintegration

climate where the army no longer needs to play a political role but can take on the role of domestic peacemaker 2017.1418173 * The authors would like to dedicate this article to Barbara Delcourt with their deep gratitude the state from 1966 to the current political crisis. The aim of the article is to increase understanding understanding of how and to what extent the Burundian army has managed to professionalize after the end of the the Burundian army has managed to professionalize and depoliticize to a limited extent and with important Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2018, vol. 12, no 1, p. 120-135. AMBROSETTI, David. The Burundian army’s trajectory to professionalization and depoliticization, and back The Burundian army’s trajectory to professionalization and depoliticization, and back again*

The Rationales behind the EAC Members' Response to the Burundi Crisis. Georgetown Journal of International The Rationales behind the EAC Members' Response to the Burundi Crisis

Lessons from the access to medicines controversy. Global Society, 2011, vol. 25, no 2, p. 227-247. of Transnational Issues: Lessons from the Access to Medicines Controversy